Perforación colónica y sepsis fulminante asociada a Clostridium septicum como presentación de un cáncer de colon / Colonic perforation and sepsis associated with Clostridium septicum as clinical presentation of colon cancer

Resumen La asociación entre algunas infecciones bacterianas y cáncer de colon está bien documentada. La más descrita es la infección por Streptococcus bovis. Otra bacteria relacionada a neoplasias intestinales es Clostridium septicum. Presentamos el caso clínico de un varón de 62 años que consultó por dolor abdominal, diarrea y fiebre. Se realizó una tomografía computada de abdomen y pelvis que evidenció un engrosamiento de las paredes del ciego con una aparente solución de continuidad en su borde libre. En una laparotomía exploradora se confirmó la presencia de peritonitis y perforación cecal, siendo sometido a una hemicolectomía derecha e ileostomía terminal. El estudio histopatológico reveló la presencia de un adenocarcinoma de tipo células en anillo de sello asociado a isquemia. Los hemocultivos fueron positivos a C. septicum. El paciente falleció por una sepsis fulminante.

Abstract The association between some bacterial infections and colon cancer is well documented. The most described is Streptococcus bovis infection. Another bacteria related to intestinal neoplasms is Clostridium septicum. We present the case of a 62-year-old man who consulted for abdominal pain associated with diarrhea and fever. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis was performed, which revealed thickening of the cecum walls with an apparent break in continuity at its free edge. An exploratory laparotomy was performed which confirmed the presence of peritonitis and cecal perforation. A right hemicolectomy and terminal ileostomy were performed. The histopathological study revealed the presence of signet ring cell type adenocarcinoma associated with ischemia. The blood cultures results demonstrated the presence of C. septicum. The patient died due to fulminant sepsis.

Enterocolitis necrosante: análisis retrospectivo de 1428 recién nacidos prematuros en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales de nivel III durante un período de cuatro años / Developing necrotizing enterocolitis: retrospective analysis of 1428 preterm infants at a level-III neonatal intensive care unit over a four years period

Objetivo. Investigar la frecuencia de la enterocolitis necrosante (ECN) en prematuros y evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados con su aparición y progresión a perforación intestinal.Métodos. Cohorte retrospectiva de prematuros hospitalizados entre 2015 y 2018. Las características perinatales, clínicas, nutricionales y de laboratorio se analizaron con SPSS-23, y los factores de riesgo mediante una regresión logística.Resultados. En 1428 neonatos, la tasa de ECN fue del 18,28 %. La concepción por reproducción asistida, la cesárea y los corticoesteroides posnatales se asociaron con ECN (OR: 4,056; IC del 95 %: 2,810-5,854; OR: 1,961; IC del 95 %: 1,321-2,910; OR: 6,422; IC del 95 %: 4,327-9,530). El momento de la primera alimentación enteral se asoció con ECN, pero no con perforación intestinal (p < 0,001; p = 0,604). De 261 pacientes con ECN, 47 (18 %) tuvieron perforación intestinal. El momento de la primera alimentación enteral y el ductus persistente con repercusión hemodinámica fueron factores predisponentes para ECN, y el puntaje de Apgar bajo al minuto 5 para perforación intestinal. (OR: 6,515; IC del 95 %: 5,011-8,470; OR: 4,715; IC del 95 %: 2,717-8,183; OR: 2,748; IC del 95 %: 1,100-6,866). La mortalidad fue del 9 %. La ECN aumentó el riesgo de mortalidad 2,192 veces (IC del 95 %: 1,469-3,271); en perforación intestinal, el riesgo aumentó 11,527 veces (IC del 95 %: 6,293-21,115).Conclusión. El conducto arterial persistente y el retraso en la primera nutrición enteral fueron factores predisponentes para ECN, y el puntaje de Apgar bajo al minuto 5 para perforación intestinal.

Aim. To investigate NEC frequency in premature infants and assess risk factors associated with disease-onset and progression to intestinal perforation.Methods. Retrospective cohort in preterm neonates hospitalized between 2015 and 2018. Perinatal characteristics, clinical features, nutritional data and laboratory outcome were analyzed using SPSS-23 statistical package. Logistic regression was performed to analyze associated risk factors.Results. In 1428 neonates, the rate of developing NEC was 18.28 %. Conception with assisted reproductive technology, cesearean section and postnatal-steroids were associated with NEC (OR: 4.056, 95 % CI: 2.810-5.854, OR: 1.961, 95 % CI: 1.321-2.910, OR: 6.422; 95 % CI: 4.327-9.530).Timing of first enteral feeding was associated to developing NEC, but not to intestinal perforation (p < 0.001, p = 0.604). Forty-seven of 261 NEC patients (18 %) have developed intestinal perforation. Antenatal steroids showed to reduce severe consequences (p = 0.001). Timing of first enteral feeding and hemodynamically significant PDA were predisposing factors for NEC and low 5-minutes Apgar score for intestinal perforation. (OR: 6.515; 95 % CI: 5.011-8.470; OR: 4.715; 95 % CI: 2.717-8.183; OR: 2.748; 95 % CI: 1.100-6.866).Mortality was 9 %. Developing NEC increased risk of mortality by 2.192 times (95 % CI: 1.469-3.271); in intestinal perforation, mortality risk increased to 11.527 (95 % CI: 6.293-21.115).Conclusion. NEC frequency was 18.28 %. Intestinal perforation occurred in 18 % of NEC patients. PDA and delay in first enteral nutrition were predisposing factors for acquiring NEC and low 5-minutes Apgar scores for intestinal perforation

Manejo conservador en diverticulitis aguda perforada con aire extraluminal / Conservative management of perforated diverticulitis with extraluminal air

Resumen Introducción: El tratamiento óptimo de la diverticulitis perforada con aire extraluminal (DPA) es materia de debate. El manejo conservador es controversial; en casos seleccionados puede ofrecer menor morbimortalidad y evitar una ostomía. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, imagenológicas, necesidad de intervención quirúrgica y morbimortalidad de pacientes con DPA tratados con manejo conservador. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de DPA hemodinámicamente estables sin evidencia de peritonitis entre los años 2009 y 2015. Resultados: Se hospitalizaron 162 pacientes con diagnóstico de diverticulitis aguda (DA), el 53,1% fueron diverticulitis agudas complicadas (DC), de las cuales el 43% (37 casos) eran DPA, la edad promedio fue 59,6 años, la mayoría eran mujeres (54,1%). Las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes fueron dolor abdominal (97,3%), signos peritoneales (59,5%) y fiebre (40,5%). La tomografía axial computada de abdomen y pelvis (TC AP) mostró burbujas extracolónicas en el 78,4% y neumoperitoneo en el 21,6%. El manejo conservador fue exitoso en el 87,8%. Durante el seguimiento de 71,2 meses la recurrencia fue 28,1% y el 31,3% se realizó sigmoidectomía electiva. La falla del tratamiento médico se presentó en 5 casos (12,2%), uno de los cuales fallece. Conclusión: el manejo conservador de la DPA es una alternativa válida de tratamiento con alto porcentaje de éxito en pacientes hospitalizados seleccionados. La decisión de cirugía de urgencia y de sigmoidectomía electiva posterior a una DPA tratada médicamente debe ser individualizada.

Background: The conservative management of perforated diverticulitis with extraluminal air (PDA) is controversial. In selected hospitalized patients may offer less morbidity and mortality and avoid an ostomy. Aim: To describe its clinical and imagenologic characteristics, the need for surgical procedure and morbimortality of patients with perforated diverticulitis with extraluminal air in conservative management. Materials and Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of hemodynamically stable hospitalized patients with a PDA diagnosis without evidence of peritonitis during the years 2009 and 2015. Results: 162 patients were admitted with the diagnosis of acute diverticulitis. 53.1% of cases were acute complicated diverticulitis, 43% (37 cases) were PDA. The average age was 59.6 years and most of them women (54.1%). The most common clinical manifestations were abdominal pain (97.3%), peritoneal signs (59.5%) and fever (40.5%). The abdomen and pelvic computerized axial tomography scan showed extra-colonic bubbles in 78.4% and pneumoperitoneum in 21.6%. The conservative management was successful in 87.8% of cases. After a 71.2-month follow-up, the recurrence was 28.1% and 31.3% had an elective sigmoidectomy. 5 cases did not respond to medical treatment, one of them resulting in death. Conclusion: The conservative management of PDA is a valid treatment option with a high degree of success in the selected sample of hospitalized patients. The decision of having emergency surgery and elective sigmoidectomy post DPA should be evaluated individually.

Differentiation between stercoral perforation and colorectal cancer perforation

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine the computed tomography (CT) signs associated with stercoral perforation and colorectal cancer perforation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2003 to Feb. 2015, all surgically and pathologically confirmed patients with stercoral perforation (n=8, mean age 68.3 years) or colon cancer perforation (n=11, mean age 66.3 years) were retrospectively reviewed by two board-certified radiologists blinded to the proven diagnosis. The following CT findings were evaluated and recorded for each patient: wall thickness of the distal colon adjacent to perforation site, pattern of the colon wall thickening and enhancement, length of the thickened bowel wall, presence of fecaloma, degree of proximal colon dilatation, and pericolonic inflammation or presence of pericolonic abscess, and number of enlarged pericolonic lymph nodes. These findings were correlated with the pathologic diagnosis. RESULTS: The mean thickness of the distal colonic wall adjacent to the perforation site was 13.6 mm in patients with colorectal cancer perforation and 5.1 mm with stercoral perforation, which was statistically different. There was a significant correlation between colorectal cancer perforation and eccentric wall thickening (p<0.01). CT findings of layered enhancing wall thickening (p<0.01) and the presence of fecaloma in the proximal colon (p<0.01) were significant findings for stercoral perforation. Patients with colorectal cancer displayed more pericolonic lymph nodes (mean 2.27, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Fecaloma in the proximal colon and layered enhancing wall thickening adjacent to perforation site are likely due to stercoral perforation. Eccentric bowel wall thickening at the distal portion of the perforation site with many enlarged pericolonic lymph nodes is most likely due to colorectal cancer perforation.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Determinar os sinais de CT associados à perfuração estercoral e perfuração do câncer colorretal. MÉTODOS: De maio de 2003 a fevereiro de 2015, todos os pacientes cirurgicamente e patologicamente confirmados com perfuração estercoral (n = 8, idade média de 68,3 anos) ou perfuração de câncer de cólon (n = 11, idade média de 66,3 anos) foram revisados retrospectivamente por dois radiologistas certificados por placa cegados ao diagnóstico comprovado. Os seguintes achados CT foram avaliados e gravados para cada paciente: espessura da parede do cólon distal adjacente ao local da perfuração, padrão de espessamento e realce da parede do cólon, comprimento da parede intestinal espessada, presença de fecaloma, grau de dilatação do cólon proximal e inflamação pericolônica ou presença de abscesso pericolônico e número de linfonodos pericolônicos aumentados. Esses achados foram correlacionados com o diagnóstico patológico. RESULTADOS: A espessura média da parede colônica distal adjacente ao local de perfuração foi de 13,6 mm em pacientes com perfuração de câncer colorretal e 5,1 mm com perfuração estercoral, que foi estatisticamente diferente. Houve uma correlação significativa entre a perfuração do câncer colorretal e o espessamento da parede excêntrica (p < 0,01). Os achados de CT de espessamento de parede aprimorada em camadas (p < 0,01) e presença de fecaloma no cólon proximal (p < 0,01) foram achados significativos para perfuração estercoral. Os pacientes com câncer colorretal apresentaram mais linfonodos pericolônicos (média 2,27, p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O fecaloma no cólon proximal e o espessamento da parede que aumenta a camada adjacente ao local da perfuração são provavelmente devidos à perfuração estereocálica. O espessamento da parede intestinal excêntrica na porção distal do local da perfuração com muitos gânglios linfáticos pericolônicos aumentados é provavelmente a perfuração do câncer colorretal.

Tuberculous peritonitis following intestinal perforation in malignancy

SUMMARY Tuberculous peritonitis is one of the most common causes of exudative ascites, especially in the young, and is an important cause of extra-pulmonary disease. However, tuberculous peritonitis is challenging to diagnose because there are no pathognomonic clinical features or imaging findings. Therefore, it is commonly misdiagnosed as another type of peritoneal disease, especially so in elderly patients with malignant disease. In this report, we described two cases of tuberculous peritonitis that were observed after intestinal perforation in elderly patients with malignancies. These diagnoses were established by laparoscopic peritoneal biopsy or AFB cultures of the ascitic fluid. Both patients were treated with anti-TB medications.

Perforación de ciego por colitis isquémica asociada a uso de cocaína: reporte de caso / Perforation of the cecum by isquemic colitis associated with cocaine use: a case report

Introducción: El consumo de cocaína es un problema mayor a nivel mundial; los usuarios crónicos presentan complicaciones médicas graves que afectan el aparato vascular, los cuales puedenderivar en accidentes isquémicos serios. A continuación presentamos un caso de perforación intestinal secundaria a colitis isquémica por uso de cocaína. Caso clínico: Un hombre de 21 anos de edad con antecedente de uso de cocaína inició su pade cimiento 5 días antes de su ingreso con dolor abdominal, náuseas y vómitos. Con el diagnóstico de perforación de víscera hueca se realizó una laparotomía exploradora, en la cual se encontró una perforación en la cara anterior del ciego. Se realizó una hemicolectomía derecha con una ileostomía y una fístula mucocutánea de colon transverso. Discusión: La causa de las perforaciones es la isquemia local en la mucosa y la necrosis parietal. En este paciente obtuvimos una prueba de orina positiva para cocaína; además, con el ante cedente de uso intenso de esta sustancia y el resultado en el reporte histopatológico pudimos llegar a este diagnóstico. Conclusión: La colitis isquémica asociada a uso de cocaína debe ser considerada como diagnós tico diferencial en pacientes jóvenes con dolor abdominal agudo y/o sangrado rectal.

Introduction: Cocaine use is a major problem worldwide. Chronic users have serious medical complications that affect the vascular system, which can lead to serious ischemic events. We describe a case of intestinal perforation secondary to ischemic colitis caused by cocaine. Case report: A 21-year-old man with a history of cocaine started 5 days before with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. With a diagnosis of a perforated intestine, a exploratory laparo tomy was performed, in which a perforation of the anterior wall of the cecum was found. A right hemicolectomy with ileostomy and a mucocutaneous fistula of the transverse colon were carried out. Discussion: Perforations are caused by local ischemia of the mucosa and parietal necrosis. In this patient, a urine test for cocaine was positive, in addition to the history of intensive use of this substance and a pathology report. Conclusion: Ischemic colitis associated with cocaine use should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young patients with acute abdominal pain and/or rectal bleeding.

Gastric Perforation Caused by Primary Gastric Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma / 대한소화기학회지

Spontaneous gastric perforation is a rare complication of gastric lymphoma that is potentially life threatening since it can progress to sepsis and multi-organ failure. Morbidity also increases due to prolonged hospitalization and delay in initiating chemotherapy. Therefore prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment is critical to improve prognosis. A 64-year-old man presented to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain. Chest X-ray showed free air below the right diaphragm. Abdominal CT scan also demonstrated free air in the peritoneal cavity with large wall defect in the lesser curvature of gastric lower body. Therefore, the patient underwent emergency operation and primary closure was done. Pathologic specimen obtained during surgery was compatible to diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Fifteen days after primary closure, the patient received subtotal gastrectomy and chemotherapy was initiated after recovery. Patient is currently being followed-up at outpatient department without any particular complications. Herein, we report a rare case of gastric lymphoma that initially presented as peritonitis because of spontaneous gastric perforation.

Subcutaneous Emphysema Mimicking Gas Gangrene Following Perforation of the Rectum: A Case Report

We report a case of extensive subcutaneous emphysema of the lower extremity mimicking gas gangrene following perforation of the rectum in a 38-yr-old man. Subcutaneous emphysema of the leg may rarely occur secondary to perforation of the gastrointestinal tract and has often created serious diagnostic problems and high mortality rates. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment is imperative.

Ultrasound examination of gastrointestinal tract diseases

With recent technical advances, increasing use of sonography in the initial evaluation of patients with abdominal disease may allow the detection of unexpected tumor within the abdominal cavity. Easiness of sonographic detection of bowel pathology, purposely or unexpectedly, warrants the inclusion of bowel loops during ultrasound examination when a patient complains of symptoms indicating diseases of the bowel. In patients complaining of acute abdominal symptoms or nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms and showing signs such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, change of bowel habit, or bowel obstruction, sonography may reveal the primary causes and may play a definitive role in making a diagnosis. On ultrasonography, abnormal lesions may appear as fungating mass with eccentrically located bowel lumen (pseudokidney sign) or symmetrical or asymmetrical, encircling thickening of the colonic wall (target sign). In patients with mass or wall thickening detected on ultrasonography, additional work-up such as barium study, CT or endoscopy would be occasionally necessary for making a specific diagnosis.